Associations between physical and cognitive doping : a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes
- Publikationstyp:
- Zeitschriftenaufsatz
- Metadaten:
-
- Autoren
- Pavel Dietz
- Rolf Ulrich
- Robert Dalaker
- Heiko Striegel
- Andreas Franke
- Klaus Lieb
- Perikles Simon
- Sammlungen
- metadata
- ISSN
- 1932-6203
- Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
- 11
- Zeitschrift
- PLoS one
- Schlüsselwörter
- 796 Sport
- 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and games
- Sprache
- eng
- Paginierung
- e78702
- Datum der Veröffentlichung
- 2013
- Herausgeber
- PLoS
- Herausgeber URL
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- Datum der Datenerfassung
- 2020
- Datum, an dem der Datensatz öffentlich gemacht wurde
- 2020
- Zugang
- Public
- Titel
- Associations between physical and cognitive doping : a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes
- Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
- 8
Datenquelle: METADATA.UB
- Andere Metadatenquellen:
-
- Autoren
- Pavel Dietz
- Rolf Ulrich
- Robert Dalaker
- Heiko Striegel
- Andreas G Franke
- Klaus Lieb
- Perikles Simon
- Autoren-URL
- https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=fis-test-1&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000327254700035&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- Externe Identifier
- Clarivate Analytics Document Solution ID: 255QK
- PubMed Identifier: 24236038
- ISSN
- 1932-6203
- Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
- 11
- Zeitschrift
- PLOS ONE
- Artikelnummer
- ARTN e78702
- Datum der Veröffentlichung
- 2013
- Status
- Published
- Titel
- Associations between Physical and Cognitive Doping - A Cross-Sectional Study in 2.997 Triathletes
- Sub types
- Article
- Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
- 8
Datenquelle: Web of Science (Lite)
- Autoren
- Pavel Dietz
- Rolf Ulrich
- Robert Dalaker
- Heiko Striegel
- Andreas G Franke
- Klaus Lieb
- Perikles Simon
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- Editoren
- Conrad P Earnest
- eISSN
- 1932-6203
- Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
- 11
- Zeitschrift
- PLoS ONE
- Sprache
- en
- Online publication date
- 2013
- Paginierung
- e78702 - e78702
- Status
- Published online
- Herausgeber
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Herausgeber URL
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- Datum der Datenerfassung
- 2019
- Titel
- Associations between Physical and Cognitive Doping – A Cross-Sectional Study in 2.997 Triathletes
- Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
- 8
Datenquelle: Crossref
- Abstract
- <h4>Purpose</h4>This study assessed, for the first time, prevalence estimates for physical and cognitive doping within a single collective of athletes using the randomized response technique (RRT). Furthermore, associations between the use of legal and freely available substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (enhancement) and illicit or banned substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (doping) were examined.<h4>Methods</h4>An anonymous questionnaire using the unrelated question RRT was used to survey 2,997 recreational triathletes in three sports events (Frankfurt, Regensburg, and Wiesbaden) in Germany. Prior to the survey, statistical power analyses were performed to determine sample size. Logistic regression was used to predict physical and cognitive enhancement and the bootstrap method was used to evaluate differences between the estimated prevalences of physical and cognitive doping.<h4>Results</h4>2,987 questionnaires were returned (99.7%). 12-month prevalences for physical and cognitive doping were 13.0% and 15.1%, respectively. The prevalence estimate for physical doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical enhancers, as well as in athletes who took part in the European Championship in Frankfurt compared to those who did not. The prevalence estimate for cognitive doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical and cognitive enhancers. Moreover, the use of physical and cognitive enhancers were significantly associated and also the use of physical and cognitive doping.<h4>Discussion</h4>The use of substances to improve physical and cognitive performance was associated on both levels of legality (enhancement vs. doping) suggesting that athletes do not use substances for a specific goal but may have a general propensity to enhance. This finding is important for understanding why people use such substances. Consequently, more effective prevention programs against substance abuse and doping could be developed.
- Addresses
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
- Autoren
- Pavel Dietz
- Rolf Ulrich
- Robert Dalaker
- Heiko Striegel
- Andreas G Franke
- Klaus Lieb
- Perikles Simon
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- eISSN
- 1932-6203
- Externe Identifier
- PubMed Identifier: 24236038
- PubMed Central ID: PMC3827233
- Open access
- true
- ISSN
- 1932-6203
- Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
- 11
- Zeitschrift
- PloS one
- Schlüsselwörter
- Humans
- Substance-Related Disorders
- Nootropic Agents
- Prevalence
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Doping in Sports
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Middle Aged
- Female
- Male
- Young Adult
- Athletes
- Performance-Enhancing Substances
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Sprache
- eng
- Medium
- Electronic-eCollection
- Online publication date
- 2013
- Open access status
- Open Access
- Paginierung
- e78702
- Datum der Veröffentlichung
- 2013
- Status
- Published
- Publisher licence
- CC BY
- Datum der Datenerfassung
- 2013
- Titel
- Associations between physical and cognitive doping--a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes.
- Sub types
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- research-article
- Journal Article
- Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
- 8
Files
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078702&type=printable https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24236038/pdf/?tool=EBI https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3827233?pdf=render
Datenquelle: Europe PubMed Central
- Abstract
- PURPOSE: This study assessed, for the first time, prevalence estimates for physical and cognitive doping within a single collective of athletes using the randomized response technique (RRT). Furthermore, associations between the use of legal and freely available substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (enhancement) and illicit or banned substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (doping) were examined. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire using the unrelated question RRT was used to survey 2,997 recreational triathletes in three sports events (Frankfurt, Regensburg, and Wiesbaden) in Germany. Prior to the survey, statistical power analyses were performed to determine sample size. Logistic regression was used to predict physical and cognitive enhancement and the bootstrap method was used to evaluate differences between the estimated prevalences of physical and cognitive doping. RESULTS: 2,987 questionnaires were returned (99.7%). 12-month prevalences for physical and cognitive doping were 13.0% and 15.1%, respectively. The prevalence estimate for physical doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical enhancers, as well as in athletes who took part in the European Championship in Frankfurt compared to those who did not. The prevalence estimate for cognitive doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical and cognitive enhancers. Moreover, the use of physical and cognitive enhancers were significantly associated and also the use of physical and cognitive doping. DISCUSSION: The use of substances to improve physical and cognitive performance was associated on both levels of legality (enhancement vs. doping) suggesting that athletes do not use substances for a specific goal but may have a general propensity to enhance. This finding is important for understanding why people use such substances. Consequently, more effective prevention programs against substance abuse and doping could be developed.
- Date of acceptance
- 2013
- Autoren
- Pavel Dietz
- Rolf Ulrich
- Robert Dalaker
- Heiko Striegel
- Andreas G Franke
- Klaus Lieb
- Perikles Simon
- Autoren-URL
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24236038
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- eISSN
- 1932-6203
- Externe Identifier
- PubMed Central ID: PMC3827233
- Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
- 11
- Zeitschrift
- PLoS One
- Schlüsselwörter
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Athletes
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Doping in Sports
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nootropic Agents
- Performance-Enhancing Substances
- Prevalence
- Substance-Related Disorders
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Young Adult
- Sprache
- eng
- Country
- United States
- Paginierung
- e78702
- PII
- PONE-D-13-22603
- Datum der Veröffentlichung
- 2013
- Status
- Published online
- Datum, an dem der Datensatz öffentlich gemacht wurde
- 2014
- Titel
- Associations between physical and cognitive doping--a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes.
- Sub types
- Journal Article
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
- 8
Datenquelle: PubMed
- Author's licence
- CC-BY
- Autoren
- Pavel Dietz
- Rolf Ulrich
- Robert Dalaker
- Heiko Striegel
- Andreas Franke
- Klaus Lieb
- Perikles Simon
- Hosting institution
- Universitätsbibliothek Mainz
- Sammlungen
- DFG-OA-Publizieren (2012 - 2017)
- Resource version
- Published version
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- Funding acknowledgements
- DFG, Open Access-Publizieren Universität Mainz / Universitätsmedizin
- File(s) embargoed
- false
- Open access
- true
- ISSN
- 1932-6203
- Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
- 11
- Zeitschrift
- PLoS one
- Schlüsselwörter
- 796 Sport
- 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and games
- Sprache
- eng
- Open access status
- Open Access
- Paginierung
- e78702
- Datum der Veröffentlichung
- 2013
- Public URL
- https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/7913
- Herausgeber
- PLoS
- Herausgeber URL
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078702
- Datum der Datenerfassung
- 2022
- Datum, an dem der Datensatz öffentlich gemacht wurde
- 2022
- Zugang
- Public
- Titel
- Associations between physical and cognitive doping : a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes
- Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
- 8
Files
associations_between_physical-20220925173357345.pdf
Datenquelle: OPENSCIENCE.UB
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