Expectations as reference points: field evidence from experienced subjects in a competitive, high-stakes environment
Publikationstyp:
Wissenschaftliche Edition
Metadaten:
Abstract
We show that professional soccer players exhibit reference-dependent behavior during matches.
Controlling for the state of the match and for unobserved heterogeneity, we show on a minute-by-minute
basis that a player breaches the rules of the game, measured by the referee’s assignment of cards, with
a significantly higher probability if his team is behind the expected match outcome, measured by pre-play
betting odds of large professional bookmakers. We derive these results in two independent data sets, one
from ten seasons of the German Bundesliga, the other from eight seasons the English Premier League, each
with more than half a million minutes of play.
Autoren
Björn Bartling
Leif Brandes
Daniel Schunk
Schlüsselwörter
D03
D81
D84
L83
Reference points
expectations
experience
high stakes
competition
Titel
Expectations as reference points: field evidence from experienced subjects in a competitive, high-stakes environment