Failure of extinction of fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from second-order conditioning

Publikationstyp:
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Metadaten:
Autoren
Autoren-URL
https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=fis-test-1&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000250811200014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030525
eISSN
1535-7228
Externe Identifier
  • Clarivate Analytics Document Solution ID: 229NP
  • PubMed Identifier: 17974933
ISSN
0002-953X
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
11
Zeitschrift
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY
Paginierung
1684 - 1692
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2007
Status
Published
Titel
Failure of extinction of fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from second-order conditioning
Sub types
  • Article
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
164

Datenquelle: Web of Science (Lite)

Andere Metadatenquellen:
Autoren
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030525
eISSN
1535-7228
ISSN
0002-953X
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
11
Zeitschrift
American Journal of Psychiatry
Sprache
en
Paginierung
1684 - 1692
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2007
Status
Published
Herausgeber
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Herausgeber URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030525
Datum der Datenerfassung
2024
Titel
Failure of Extinction of Fear Responses in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence From Second-Order Conditioning
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
164

Datenquelle: Crossref

Abstract
<h4>Objectives</h4>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the re-experiencing of a traumatic event, although the trauma itself occurred in the past. The extinction of the traumatic response might be impeded if trauma reminders maintain fear responses by their association with the original trauma through second-order conditioning.<h4>Method</h4>A differential conditioning paradigm with a trauma-specific picture, used as an acquired unconditioned stimulus, and graphic representations, used as conditioned stimuli, were employed in 14 PTSD patients, 15 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD, and 15 healthy comparison subjects. The authors used event-related potentials of electroencephalogram (EEG), self-report measures, skin conductance responses, heart rate, and startle modulation to assess the differential conditioned response among subjects.<h4>Results</h4>Trauma-exposed subjects with and without PTSD but not healthy comparison subjects showed successful differential conditioning to the trauma-relevant cue indicative of second-order conditioning. Only PTSD patients exhibited enhanced conditioned responses to the trauma reminder during acquisition and impaired extinction as evident in more negative evaluations of the conditioned stimuli associated with a trauma reminder as well as enhanced peripheral and brain responses.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These findings suggest that PTSD may be maintained by second-order conditioning where trauma-relevant cues come to serve as unconditioned stimuli, thus generalizing enhanced emotional responses to many previously neutral cues and impeding extinction. The extinction deficit in PTSD patients observed in this study underlines the need for therapies focusing on the extinction of learned responses, such as behavioral treatment, with or without the addition of pharmacological substances that enhance the extinction of a learned response.
Addresses
  • Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Square J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany. michele.wessa@zi-mannheim.de
Autoren
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030525
eISSN
1535-7228
Externe Identifier
  • PubMed Identifier: 17974933
Open access
false
ISSN
0002-953X
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
11
Zeitschrift
The American journal of psychiatry
Schlüsselwörter
  • Humans
  • Treatment Outcome
  • Fear
  • Life Change Events
  • Conditioning, Classical
  • Cues
  • Memory
  • Visual Perception
  • Galvanic Skin Response
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
  • Behavior Therapy
  • Evoked Potentials
  • Heart Rate
  • Adult
  • Middle Aged
  • Female
  • Male
  • Extinction, Psychological
  • Habituation, Psychophysiologic
  • Reflex, Startle
Sprache
eng
Medium
Print
Paginierung
1684 - 1692
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2007
Status
Published
Datum der Datenerfassung
2007
Titel
Failure of extinction of fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from second-order conditioning.
Sub types
  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Journal Article
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
164

Datenquelle: Europe PubMed Central

Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the re-experiencing of a traumatic event, although the trauma itself occurred in the past. The extinction of the traumatic response might be impeded if trauma reminders maintain fear responses by their association with the original trauma through second-order conditioning. METHOD: A differential conditioning paradigm with a trauma-specific picture, used as an acquired unconditioned stimulus, and graphic representations, used as conditioned stimuli, were employed in 14 PTSD patients, 15 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD, and 15 healthy comparison subjects. The authors used event-related potentials of electroencephalogram (EEG), self-report measures, skin conductance responses, heart rate, and startle modulation to assess the differential conditioned response among subjects. RESULTS: Trauma-exposed subjects with and without PTSD but not healthy comparison subjects showed successful differential conditioning to the trauma-relevant cue indicative of second-order conditioning. Only PTSD patients exhibited enhanced conditioned responses to the trauma reminder during acquisition and impaired extinction as evident in more negative evaluations of the conditioned stimuli associated with a trauma reminder as well as enhanced peripheral and brain responses. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PTSD may be maintained by second-order conditioning where trauma-relevant cues come to serve as unconditioned stimuli, thus generalizing enhanced emotional responses to many previously neutral cues and impeding extinction. The extinction deficit in PTSD patients observed in this study underlines the need for therapies focusing on the extinction of learned responses, such as behavioral treatment, with or without the addition of pharmacological substances that enhance the extinction of a learned response.
Autoren
Autoren-URL
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17974933
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030525
ISSN
0002-953X
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
11
Zeitschrift
Am J Psychiatry
Schlüsselwörter
  • Adult
  • Behavior Therapy
  • Conditioning, Classical
  • Cues
  • Evoked Potentials
  • Extinction, Psychological
  • Fear
  • Female
  • Galvanic Skin Response
  • Habituation, Psychophysiologic
  • Heart Rate
  • Humans
  • Life Change Events
  • Male
  • Memory
  • Middle Aged
  • Reflex, Startle
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
  • Treatment Outcome
  • Visual Perception
Sprache
eng
Country
United States
Paginierung
1684 - 1692
PII
164/11/1684
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2007
Status
Published
Datum, an dem der Datensatz öffentlich gemacht wurde
2007
Titel
Failure of extinction of fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from second-order conditioning.
Sub types
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
164

Datenquelle: PubMed

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