Investigating the Effects of Differential Learning on Golfers' Pitching Performance as a Function of Handicap

Publikationstyp:
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Metadaten:
Autoren
  • Miguel Valenca
  • Diogo Coutinho
  • Wolfgang Schoellhorn
  • Nelson Ribeiro
  • Sara Santos
Autoren-URL
https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=fis-test-1&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000866796100001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL
DOI
10.3390/ijerph191912550
eISSN
1660-4601
Externe Identifier
  • Clarivate Analytics Document Solution ID: 5G1WK
  • PubMed Identifier: 36231861
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
19
Zeitschrift
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Schlüsselwörter
  • differential learning
  • handicap
  • movement variability
  • club speed
  • carry distance
  • TrackMan 4
Artikelnummer
ARTN 12550
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2022
Status
Published
Titel
Investigating the Effects of Differential Learning on Golfers' Pitching Performance as a Function of Handicap
Sub types
  • Article
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
19

Datenquelle: Web of Science (Lite)

Andere Metadatenquellen:
Abstract
<jats:p>Traditionally, golf instruction has been oriented toward imitation of role models, guided by errors that surround a channel of supposedly correct repetition. Recent motor learning approaches relying on the dynamics of living systems suggest the inclusion of additional noise during practice for supporting players’ movement exploration and improving adaptability that in consequence will lead to increased performance. While the effectiveness of this approach has now been demonstrated in many sports, research exploring the effects of differential learning (DL) in golf is scarce, especially when considering different shot distances and players with various handicap levels. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an enriched learning and information intervention as opposed to a more constrained approach, on the pitching performance of golfers with different handicaps from different distances. A total of 29 adolescent golfers with an average experience of 7.8 years were divided into a DL (n = 15) and a repetitive-oriented (RB, n = 14) group. Both groups were further compared dependent on their handicap level (DL, low handicap n = 7, high handicap n = 8; RB, low handicap n = 5, high handicap n = 9). The TrackMan 4 was used to measure the shot performance for 20 m, 35 m, and 50 m distances (10 shots from each distance) based on a pre- and post-test design. Each group performed the same number of trials (n = 270, 9 executions per distance per session) across 10 sessions. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for the statistical analysis, using the pre-test as covariate and the post-test as dependent variable. The DL group revealed advantageous adaptations in the attack and face angle (p ≤ 0.05), while also in the dynamic loft (p ≤ 0.05), mostly for the 35 m and 50 m. In addition, this intervention led to improvements in the score, club head speed, and carry distance for the 50 m when compared to the RB (p ≤ 0.05; small effects). The low handicap players from the DL group also revealed adaptation in the angles’ variables (p ≤ 0.05) when compared with high handicap players, who improved the score (p ≤ 0.05) in all distances after intervention. The low handicap players from the RB group improved the score (p ≤ 0.05) and club speed (p ≤ 0.05) for the 20 and 35 m, while the high handicap golfers revealed higher improvements for these variables only in the 50 m distance condition. Overall, coaches may incorporate approaches into their skill training that increase the number of opportunities to improve the performance of both experienced and non-experienced players by promoting the adaptability of movement patterns.</jats:p>
Autoren
  • Miguel Valença
  • Diogo Coutinho
  • Wolfgang Schöllhorn
  • Nélson Ribeiro
  • Sara Santos
DOI
10.3390/ijerph191912550
eISSN
1660-4601
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
19
Zeitschrift
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Sprache
en
Online publication date
2022
Paginierung
12550 - 12550
Status
Published online
Herausgeber
MDPI AG
Herausgeber URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912550
Datum der Datenerfassung
2022
Titel
Investigating the Effects of Differential Learning on Golfers’ Pitching Performance as a Function of Handicap
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
19

Datenquelle: Crossref

Abstract
Traditionally, golf instruction has been oriented toward imitation of role models, guided by errors that surround a channel of supposedly correct repetition. Recent motor learning approaches relying on the dynamics of living systems suggest the inclusion of additional noise during practice for supporting players' movement exploration and improving adaptability that in consequence will lead to increased performance. While the effectiveness of this approach has now been demonstrated in many sports, research exploring the effects of differential learning (DL) in golf is scarce, especially when considering different shot distances and players with various handicap levels. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an enriched learning and information intervention as opposed to a more constrained approach, on the pitching performance of golfers with different handicaps from different distances. A total of 29 adolescent golfers with an average experience of 7.8 years were divided into a DL (<i>n</i> = 15) and a repetitive-oriented (RB, <i>n</i> = 14) group. Both groups were further compared dependent on their handicap level (DL, low handicap <i>n</i> = 7, high handicap <i>n</i> = 8; RB, low handicap <i>n</i> = 5, high handicap <i>n</i> = 9). The TrackMan 4 was used to measure the shot performance for 20 m, 35 m, and 50 m distances (10 shots from each distance) based on a pre- and post-test design. Each group performed the same number of trials (<i>n</i> = 270, 9 executions per distance per session) across 10 sessions. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for the statistical analysis, using the pre-test as covariate and the post-test as dependent variable. The DL group revealed advantageous adaptations in the attack and face angle (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), while also in the dynamic loft (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), mostly for the 35 m and 50 m. In addition, this intervention led to improvements in the score, club head speed, and carry distance for the 50 m when compared to the RB (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05; small effects). The low handicap players from the DL group also revealed adaptation in the angles' variables (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) when compared with high handicap players, who improved the score (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) in all distances after intervention. The low handicap players from the RB group improved the score (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) and club speed (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) for the 20 and 35 m, while the high handicap golfers revealed higher improvements for these variables only in the 50 m distance condition. Overall, coaches may incorporate approaches into their skill training that increase the number of opportunities to improve the performance of both experienced and non-experienced players by promoting the adaptability of movement patterns.
Addresses
  • University of Maia, UMAIA, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal.
Autoren
  • Miguel Valença
  • Diogo Coutinho
  • Wolfgang Schöllhorn
  • Nélson Ribeiro
  • Sara Santos
DOI
10.3390/ijerph191912550
eISSN
1660-4601
Externe Identifier
  • PubMed Identifier: 36231861
  • PubMed Central ID: PMC9566113
Open access
true
ISSN
1661-7827
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
19
Zeitschrift
International journal of environmental research and public health
Schlüsselwörter
  • Humans
  • Minerals
  • Learning
  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Movement
  • Sports
  • Golf
  • Adolescent
Sprache
eng
Medium
Electronic
Online publication date
2022
Open access status
Open Access
Paginierung
12550
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2022
Status
Published
Publisher licence
CC BY
Datum der Datenerfassung
2022
Titel
Investigating the Effects of Differential Learning on Golfers' Pitching Performance as a Function of Handicap.
Sub types
  • research-article
  • Journal Article
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
19

Files

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12550/pdf?version=1664617229 https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9566113?pdf=render

Datenquelle: Europe PubMed Central

Abstract
Traditionally, golf instruction has been oriented toward imitation of role models, guided by errors that surround a channel of supposedly correct repetition. Recent motor learning approaches relying on the dynamics of living systems suggest the inclusion of additional noise during practice for supporting players' movement exploration and improving adaptability that in consequence will lead to increased performance. While the effectiveness of this approach has now been demonstrated in many sports, research exploring the effects of differential learning (DL) in golf is scarce, especially when considering different shot distances and players with various handicap levels. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an enriched learning and information intervention as opposed to a more constrained approach, on the pitching performance of golfers with different handicaps from different distances. A total of 29 adolescent golfers with an average experience of 7.8 years were divided into a DL (n = 15) and a repetitive-oriented (RB, n = 14) group. Both groups were further compared dependent on their handicap level (DL, low handicap n = 7, high handicap n = 8; RB, low handicap n = 5, high handicap n = 9). The TrackMan 4 was used to measure the shot performance for 20 m, 35 m, and 50 m distances (10 shots from each distance) based on a pre- and post-test design. Each group performed the same number of trials (n = 270, 9 executions per distance per session) across 10 sessions. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for the statistical analysis, using the pre-test as covariate and the post-test as dependent variable. The DL group revealed advantageous adaptations in the attack and face angle (p ≤ 0.05), while also in the dynamic loft (p ≤ 0.05), mostly for the 35 m and 50 m. In addition, this intervention led to improvements in the score, club head speed, and carry distance for the 50 m when compared to the RB (p ≤ 0.05; small effects). The low handicap players from the DL group also revealed adaptation in the angles' variables (p ≤ 0.05) when compared with high handicap players, who improved the score (p ≤ 0.05) in all distances after intervention. The low handicap players from the RB group improved the score (p ≤ 0.05) and club speed (p ≤ 0.05) for the 20 and 35 m, while the high handicap golfers revealed higher improvements for these variables only in the 50 m distance condition. Overall, coaches may incorporate approaches into their skill training that increase the number of opportunities to improve the performance of both experienced and non-experienced players by promoting the adaptability of movement patterns.
Date of acceptance
2022
Autoren
  • Miguel Valença
  • Diogo Coutinho
  • Wolfgang Schöllhorn
  • Nélson Ribeiro
  • Sara Santos
Autoren-URL
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36231861
DOI
10.3390/ijerph191912550
eISSN
1660-4601
Externe Identifier
  • PubMed Central ID: PMC9566113
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
19
Zeitschrift
Int J Environ Res Public Health
Schlüsselwörter
  • TrackMan 4
  • carry distance
  • club speed
  • differential learning
  • handicap
  • movement variability
  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Adolescent
  • Golf
  • Humans
  • Learning
  • Minerals
  • Movement
  • Sports
Sprache
eng
Country
Switzerland
PII
ijerph191912550
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2022
Status
Published online
Datum, an dem der Datensatz öffentlich gemacht wurde
2022
Titel
Investigating the Effects of Differential Learning on Golfers' Pitching Performance as a Function of Handicap.
Sub types
  • Journal Article
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
19

Datenquelle: PubMed

Author's licence
CC-BY
Autoren
  • Miguel Valença
  • Diogo Coutinho
  • Wolfgang Schöllhorn
  • Nélson Ribeiro
  • Sara Santos
Hosting institution
Universitätsbibliothek Mainz
Sammlungen
  • DFG-491381577-G
Resource version
Published version
DOI
10.3390/ijerph191912550
Funding acknowledgements
  • Gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Projektnummer 491381577
File(s) embargoed
false
Open access
true
ISSN
1660-4601
Ausgabe der Veröffentlichung
9
Zeitschrift
International journal of environmental research and public health
Schlüsselwörter
  • 796 Sport
  • 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and games
Sprache
eng
Open access status
Open Access
Paginierung
12550
Datum der Veröffentlichung
2022
Public URL
https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/8188
Herausgeber
MDPI
Herausgeber URL
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912550
Datum der Datenerfassung
2022
Datum, an dem der Datensatz öffentlich gemacht wurde
2022
Zugang
Public
Titel
Investigating the effects of differential learning on golfers’ pitching performance as a function of handicap
Ausgabe der Zeitschrift
19

Files

investigating_the_effects_of_-20221025140508669.pdf

Datenquelle: OPENSCIENCE.UB

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